Superman Will Fly No More essays

Superman Will Fly No More essays Fyodor Dostoevskis Crime and Punishment follows the main character Raskolnikov as he attempts to prove his theories on the possibility of a superman having the power to transgress the law and morality because he is more extraordinary than the common man. Throughout his journey testing his theory, the author not only uses the main character as a representation of how such an egotistical theory isnt true, but also uses another character, Svidrigailov, as an example of the philosophys fallibility. In Crime and Punishment, Dostoevski characterizes Svidrigailov as the embodiment of evil as he represents the Nietzsche superman, and through Svidrigailovs death, proves his belief in the inability of anyones will to exist above humanity in the world. Arkady Ivanovitch Svidrigailov is a character based on the philosophical ideas of Nietzsche, known for his beliefs that it is possible for a superman to be so great that laws, morals, and ethics cant touch him in the sense that hes not physically of emotionally punished. This extraordinary man does not exist for the benefit of society, but only for his own self-gratification. He also believes that his will is above that of any Supreme being, therefore God does not exist. With no higher form of life to punish him, he is able to assert his will freely as he chooses. According to Nietzsche, he who possesses the strongest will can enforce his desires and power above those intellectually inferior. Dostoevski applies this concept with the characterization of Svidrigailov, who can rape a thirteen-year old girl and aid in the death of his wife without the fear of some higher power punishing him. Just as Raskolnikov can justify the murders of the old pawnbroker and her sister by means necessary to complete his experiment, Svidrigailov can justify his rape because he is above the common morality. The wealt...

Battle of Albuera in the Peninsular War

Battle of Albuera in the Peninsular War Battle of Albuera -Conflict Date: The Battle of Albuera was fought on May 16, 1811, and was part of the Peninsular War, which was part of the larger Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Armies Commanders: Allies Marshal William BeresfordLieutenant General Joaquin Blake35,884 men French Marshal Jean de Dieu Soult24,260 men Battle of Albuera - Background: Advancing north in early 1811, to support French efforts in Portugal, Marshal Jean de Dieu Soult invested the fortress city of Badajoz on January 27. After stubborn Spanish resistance, the city fell on March 11. Learning of Marshal Claude Victor-Perrins defeat at Barrosa the next day, Soult left a strong garrison under Marshal Édouard Mortier and retreated south with the bulk of his army. With his situation in Portugal improving, Viscount Wellington dispatched Marshal William Beresford to Badajoz with the goal of relieving the garrison. Departing on March 15, Beresford learned of the citys fall and slowed the pace of his advance. Moving with 18,000 men, Beresford scattered a French force at Campo Maior on March 25, but was subsequently delayed by a wide range of logistical issues. Finally laying siege to Badajoz on May 4, the British were forced to cobble together a siege train by taking guns from the nearby fortress town of Elvas. Reinforced by the remnants of the Army of Estremadura and the arrival a Spanish army under General Joaquà ­n Blake, Beresfords command numbered over 35,000 men. Battle of Albuera - Soult Moves: Underestimating the size of the Allied force, Soult gathered 25,000 men and began marching north to relieve the Badajoz. Earlier in the campaign, Wellington has met with Beresford and suggested the heights near Albuera as a strong position should Soult return. Utilizing information from his scouts, Beresford determined that Soult intended to move through the village on his way to Badajoz. On May 15, Beresfords cavalry, under Brigadier General Robert Long, encountered the French near Santa Marta. Making a hasty retreat, Long abandoned the east bank of the Albuera River without a fight. Battle of Albuera - Beresford Responds: For this he was sacked by Beresford and replaced by Major General William Lumley. Through the day on the 15th, Beresford moved his army into positions overlooking the village and river. Placing Major General Charles Altens Kings German Legion Brigade in the village proper, Beresford deployed Major General John Hamiltons Portuguese division and his Portuguese cavalry on his left wing. Major General William Stewarts 2nd Division was placed directly behind the village. Through the night additional troops arrived and Blakes Spanish divisions were deployed to extend the line south. Battle of Albuera - The French Plan: Major General Lowry Coles 4th Division arrived in the early morning of May 16 after marching south from Badajoz. Unaware that the Spanish had joined with Beresford, Soult devised a plan for assaulting Albuera. While Brigadier General Nicolas Godinots troops attacked the village, Soult intended to take the bulk of his troops in a wide flank attack on the Allied right. Screened by olive groves and freed from the hassle of Allied cavalry, Soult began his flanking march as Godinots infantry moved forward with cavalry support. Battle of Albuera - The Fight is Joined: To sell the diversion, Soult advanced Brigadier General Franà §ois Werlà ©s men on Godinots left, causing Beresford to reinforce his center. As this occurred, French cavalry, then infantry appeared on the Allied right. Recognizing the threat, Beresford ordered Blake to shift his divisions to face south, while ordering the 2nd and 4th Divisions to move to support the Spanish. Lumleys cavalry was dispatched to cover the right flank of the new line, while Hamiltons men shifted to aid in the fighting at Albuera. Ignoring Beresford, Blake only turned four battalions from General Gen Josà © Zayas division. Seeing Blakes dispositions, Beresford returned to the scene and personally issued orders to bring the rest of the Spanish into line. Before this could be accomplished, Zayas men were assaulted by the division of General Jean-Baptiste Girard. Immediately behind Girard, was General Honorà © Gazans division with Werlà © in reserve. Attacking in a mixed formation, Girards infantry met fierce resistance from the outnumbered Spaniards but were able to slowly push them back. To support Zayas, Beresford sent forward Stewarts 2nd Division. Rather than forming behind the Spanish line as ordered, Stewart moved around the end of their formation and attacked with Lieutenant Colonel John Colbornes brigade. After meeting initial success, a heavy hail storm erupted during which Colbornes men were decimated by an attack on their flank by French cavalry. Despite this disaster, the Spanish line stood firm causing Girard to halt his assault. The pause in the fighting allowed Beresford to form Major General Daniel Houghton and Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Abercrombies behind the Spanish lines. Advancing them forward, they relieved the battered Spanish and met Gazans attack. Focusing on Houghtons segment of the line, the French battered the defending British. In brutal fighting, Houghton was killed, but line held. Watching the action, Soult, realizing he was badly outnumbered, began to lose his nerve. Advancing across the field, Coles 4th Division entered the fray. To counter, Soult dispatched cavalry to attack Coles flank, while Werlà ©s troops were thrown at his center. Both attacks were defeated, though Coles men suffered heavily. As the French were engaging Cole, Abercrombie pivoted his relatively fresh brigade and charged into Gazan and Girard’s flank driving them from the field. Defeated, Soult brought up troops to cover his retreat. Battle of Albuera - Aftermath: One of the bloodiest battles of the Peninsular War, the Battle of Albuera cost Beresford 5,916 casualties (4,159 British, 389 Portuguese and 1,368 Spaniards), while Soult suffered between 5,936 and 7,900. While a tactical victory for the Allies, the battle proved to be of little strategic consequence as they were forced to abandon their siege of Badajoz a month later. Both commanders have been criticized for their performance in the battle with Beresford failing to use Coles division earlier in the fight and Soult being unwilling to commit his reserves to the assault. Selected Sources British Battles: Battle of AlbueraPeninsular War: Battle of AlbueraHistory of War: Battle of Albuera

Role of communication within an organisation Essay

Role of communication within an organisation - Essay Example Derived from the Greek terminology organon, an organization can be defined as a social body which arranges one or two or more persons to pursue collective goals. Organization can be created with one or more than one person and the communication within the organization helps everyone to achieve its goal in a systematic manner. It should be remembered that proper communication implies the same meaning of a matter to everyone which is being evaluated collectively. It has been examined that almost nine-tenth of a manager’s work time is dedicated towards communicating in the organization (Kushal and Ahuja, 2009, p. 19). Different types of communication models are used in various organizational contexts. Broadly communication in an organizational context can be classified into two parts, namely, one way communication and two way communication. In one way communication the communication flows downward or upward. In most of the organization the one way communication is used for sending notice, policies etc., whereas, two way communication is basically used in most of the organization for sharing ideas, thought etc. As we know organization is nothing but aggregate of many entities, those can be structured in different forms, keeping in accordance with requirement of an organization so that the organizational purposes can be served through that particular method of communication in the best way possible. In complex matrix organization delayering is recommended. Most of the multinationals have adopted the delayeing method to cut the cost of reporting layers as well as to build effective communication among the organization within small groups which bridge the whole organization. Delayring also speeds up the communication as the decision is being taken by the lower level managers respect to their strata, which improves the communication in both upward and downward hierarchy it also increase the

Tsutomu Miyazaki, The inside out Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tsutomu Miyazaki, The inside out - Essay Example when the real killer was apprehended in 1989, the killers true gender was male, he was a well mannered photo shop employee, and his name was Tsutomu Miyazaki. Upon his arrest, police and investigators confiscated thousand video cassettes that contain horror films and animation, one of which was a footage of one of his murders. His many pornographic comic books about young girls and pedophilia were likewise discovered (Whiteperil.com, 2006). But even the most hardened and sensationalized criminal must have had their own humble beginnings, and this goes true for Tsutomu Miyazaki. My stand on this issue is that Tsutomu Miyazaki was delusional and a paranoid Schizophrenia. Before going any further about the state of his mental health, a brief outline of his life and personality must be appraised objectively. Born in August 21, 1962, Miyazaki was premature at birth. His inborn deformity consists of gnarled hands that are permanently fused to his wrists. In order to rotate or use his hands, he needs to move his entire forearm. During his elementary and high school days, Tsutomu Miyazaki was considered an outcast and he often keeps to himself. In the beginning, he was a star student but probably because of his disfiguration, was constantly ridiculed and mostly keeps to himself. Hence, he not only lost the ability to properly socialize but likewise lost self-esteem in the process and his grades plummeted as well. Unfortunately , due to the low grades, he was not admitted at his desired university where he planned to study English and become a teacher. As an alternative, he went to a local college where he took up studies in order to become a photo-technician. In the exploration of his mental health a number of written articles and studies were brought forth to analyze how one human being could actually commit murder without though or conscience. According to an article by Leo Lewis (2008) of the Jiji Press in Tokyo, Miyazaki was a ravenous sexual marauder who

Public health research paper outline Essay Example for Free

Public health research paper outline Essay I. Evidence of spanking as corporal punishment. a.Population: Children at school age (Forehand McMahon, 1981). The book successfully outlines the theoretical foundations of middle childhood and adolescence, in particular, the developmental tasks children are supposed to accomplish at certain age stage. The scholar also describes the distinctive features of boys’ and girls’ behavior and both implicitly and implicitly argues that mistakes and rule-breaking are critical in the process of obtaining autonomy in the middle childhood and early adolescence. b.Prevalence: About 55% adults reported they were physically punished in the childhood and teen years (Hyman, 1995). The article provides a detailed description of incidence and prevalence of spanking: for instance, it is stated that boys are punished more frequently than girls, parents with higher education and higher social class are less likely to spank; female parents use this disciplinary method more often than male. Moreover, the paper addresses the most common reasons minors are slapped for and the most widespread threats, associated with spanking (parental aggression, transition from punishment to revenge) . c. Significance: This is a debate that has been going on for decades. Some people believe it helps, others think it hinders a child’s social and behavioral development (Strauss and Donnelly, 2002). The writing is instrumental in its clear description of both parties of the spanking confrontation; importantly, the emphasis is placed upon the disputes between health care specialists and psychologists. The book also draws a distinction between spanking and physical abuse. II. Behavioral Dimensions. a. The impact of spanking on school behavior: Corporal punishment of children actually interferes with the process of learning and with their optimal development as socially responsible adults (Larzelere, 2005). The author provides a detailed review of existing studies, dedicated to the relationship between spanking and challenges in cognitive and emotional development. The article also illustrates the closed circle of physical punishment, which causes the fear of making a mistake and depresses concentration, critical thinking and initiative in behavior. b. Spanking and aggressive or violent behavior: Researchers have also found that children who are spanked show higher rates of aggression and delinquency in childhood than those who were not spanked (Polaha, Larzelere, Shapiro Pettit, 2004). The article points out the distinctive features and effects of spanking depending on ethnic group and shows that child maltreatment, or excessive use of physical measures, is an artificial means of disciplining minors, which does not allow them to develop self-discipline. In fact, when a child is battered at early age, they develop the convictions in the permissibility of misbehavior if it is not noticed by adults. Similarly, at older age, the person begins to believe that punishment will not follow a crime if the transgression is not revealed. III. Psycho-Social Dimensions. a. Impact of physical punishment on family atmosphere: When trust between children and their closest caretakers is damaged, the minor’s ability to form trusting relationships with others is also damaged, and the effect may be lifelong (Benjet Kazdin, 2003). The article addresses the numerous long-term intrafamilial difficulties, resulting from spanking adolescents, including the disappearance of respect and trust. b. Corporal punishment and antisocial behavior. Children show antisocial behaviors when corporal punishment is enforced: the probability of school dropout and minor crime increases.   (Grogan-Kaylor, 2005). The   research involved almost 2000 participants and was aimed at investigating the ways spanking impairs social life of male and female adolescents, their motivation to participate in community activities and social position in general. V. Prevention of Spanking. a. Strategies for strengthening mutual understanding between caregiver and minor: it is highly important that caregiver be aware of the causes of the child’s undesirable actions and the balancing options available (Strauss and Donnelly, 2002). The book also analyzes the relationship between parenting styles, family conflicts, socioeconomic background, parental values and child behavior, habits and conviction. b. Discipline strategies, involving no use of physical power. There are compliance-gaining strategies that work with children most of the time: harmless and non-stopping dialogue, interest in teenager’s life and emotional support by necessity (Larzelere Kuhn, 2005). The paper provides a very specific comparison of spanking and its â€Å"non-violence† alternatives and suggests that frequent spanking is much less helpful in the process of upbringing, except for the finding that it diminishes alcohol and substance abuse. VI. Legal Frameworks and Policy Interventions. a. Legal and policy aspects of spanking: there are no state laws against spanking, although 27 states have policies against the practice and this year Pennsylvania is debating becoming the 28th. Spanking in schools is currently allowed in 23 states although in many districts parents who object can withhold permission for school personnel to spank their kids (Durrant, 2004). The article draws parallels between children rights, declared in national and global legislation, and the state legal and policy foundations, regulating the treatment of minors. b. Health care and policy efforts: traditionally, moderate spanking is non-injurious, so health care associations and factions are neutrally disposed to such disciplinary measure, as opposed to civil society groups and religious organizations which seek to cultivate new upbringing patterns and incorporate them into public policies (Larzelere, 2005). The book contains useful information about the undertakings of child protection groups and agencies of the similar profile as well as community efforts, directed to parenting skills training and parent education in general.

Arab Women and Their Spouses Essay -- Marriage Middle Eastern Culture

Arab Women and Their Spouses In many societies, the relationships between people differ and in some ways are all alike. None so obscure as the relationship between man and woman. It is especially intriguing to witness the compatibility of both especially in marriage. Using the three novels Pillars of Salt, by Fadia Faqir, A Woman of Five Seasons, by Leila Al-Atrash, and A Balcony over the Fakihani, by Liyana Badr one might begin to analyze the different relationships between men and women in Arab culture. While any relationship is uniquely different, these novels will aid in getting a better idea about Arab women and their husbands. The stories begin with the novel Pillars of Salt where Maha and Um Saad are roommates in a mental hospital. Born a Bedouin woman by the Red Sea, in Jordan, Maha was a young woman living with her father and callous brother, when she became familiar with Harb, another man of their tribe. One night, while Maha was telling a particular story to Harb, he dismissed the subject and asked if she could meet with him that night. To Maha?s astonishment she replied, "Are you mad? For a girl to be out at night is a crime of honor. They will shoot me between the eyes" (p10). This secret meeting would be forbidden by the tribe because a woman?s virginity was held sacred and if it were taken away there would be little to no chance of marriage or respect, as it was for Maha?s friend Nasra, who was raped by Maha?s brother. Later on, a wedding proposal occurred when the dignitaries of the tribe came and asked Maha?s father for the hand of Maha, in the name of Harb. After slight hesitation by Maha?s father, because he was giving away his only daughter, the deal was sealed and Harb gave five camels to his fut... ... answer is living without this respect. Unfortunately, Um Saad exemplifies this characteristic and therefore becomes insane. More commonly, the end appears with the unexpected death of the husband. Each dying in some sort of battle, Maha?s, Yusra?s, and Su?ad?s husbands were all kind men, who respected their wives and never hurt them irreverently. It is with this that the say goes "good men die young". While that has nothing to do with Arab culture specifically, it does seem to be a continuing theme in these novels, by Arab women. Where war and detachment in their world lead them on an emotional rollercoaster ride, these women are forced to form attachments with others, who are most likely their husbands. These relationships are all individual, and therefore not always the case, but very clearly point out logical and possible situations in Arab culture marriages.

Verbal and Nonverbal Coding Worksheet

University of Phoenix Material Verbal and Nonverbal Coding Worksheet Part A: Nonverbal Instructions: Respond to each question below in complete sentences with at least 150 words. Include at least one example from the reading materials that supports your position in your response. 1. Is a smile a universal nonverbal form of communication? Why or why not? Provide specific examples in your answer. I would say yes, that the smile is a nonverbal form of communication all over the world.The reason I believe this to be true is because a smile is letting people know how you are feeling and they way you feel about them. I smile at others because I am happy or I am happy to see them, and I believe the same thing is true with everyone else who smiles. When I went to Germany a few years ago, I felt extremely out of place mostly because I did not know the language. It was even more difficult to conduct business there when you approach someone and they are not wearing a smile; it made me feel even more out of place.When someone was smiling I felt some much better about trying to have a conversation with them. People are much more approachable when they look happy and friendly. 2. What are some of the ways that you, as an American or an international student, have been taught, or unconsciously learned, to synchronize your nonverbal behaviors? Some of the ways that I have learned to synchronize my nonverbal behaviors is to do things similar to what others are doing. If I am walking down the street and I see a friend of mine I will wave at them and smile because that is what I like doing and it comes natural.Although when someone sees me before I see them I will usually responded the same way they greeted me. If they greet me with a rise of the head I will do the same thing, then after ask myself why I did the same when it is not the normal way I would have greeted someone. It would be the same way if I were sitting talking to someone and they folded their arms, I would most li kely do the same thing to match them, and not even realize that I am coping them in anyway. Part B: VerbalInstructions: There are five interrelated sets of rules that combine to create a verbal code or language. In the middle column, define the five verbal rules that create the verbal code in a minimum of two sentences for each rule. In the last column, provide an example from both American culture and an international culture for each of the five rules of verbal codes. Then answer the questions on the following page. Rule setDefinition (2 or more sentences)Examples (1 American culture example and 1 international culture example) 1) Phonology (rules for word sounds) (2) Morphology (units of meaning in a word) (3) Semantics (distinct meaning of words) (4) Syntax (relationship of words to each other) (5) Pragmatics (effect on human perception) 1. What is one possible drawback of phonology if a nonnative speaker has poor accuracy? What might be done to master a new phonology? Some of t he drawbacks that deal with sound and speeches if a non-native speaker has poor accuracy is they may be saying the right words but they are not coming out correctly.An example is someone from India trying to speak English; since they have such a strong accent they come out wrong. My son is in speech therapy and they give him a mirror to practice saying the sounds that he has a hard time with. I think that this would work for mastering a new phonology as well. Practice helps learn any language, and watching yourself saying the write words with the correct style may help learn more. 2. What happens in the course of conversation when semantics causes confusion between you and the receiver? Provide a recent example. 3.Based on the examples in your text, what do you think Ludwig Wittgenstein meant when he said that â€Å"the limits of my language are the limits of my world†? When Ludwig Wittgenstein said â€Å"the limits of my language are the limits of my world† I believe he meant that he wants to learn more languages so he doesn’t limit his education on the world and the people that he meets. We should always be learning new languages and ways to communicate with each other, so we can meet people from all over the world and learn more about them. The more languages you learn the better your understanding of the world you will have.

The Positive Part Social Networking Web Sites.

THE POSITIVE PART Social networking Web sites are helping businesses advertise, thus social networking Web sites are benefiting businesses – economically. Social networking Web sites are helping education by allowing teachers and coaches to post club meeting times, school projects, and even homework on these sites. Social networking Web sites are enabling advancements in science and medicine. Job hunting Stay in touch with friends Positive causes/awareness THE NEGATIVE PARTThe very nature of such sites encourages users to provide a certain amount of personal information. But when deciding how much information to reveal, people may not exercise the same amount of caution on a Website as they would when meeting someone in person. This happens because: * the Internet provides a sense of anonymity; * the lack of physical interaction provides a false sense of security * they tailor the information for their friends to read, forgetting that others may see it.Sharing too much informa tion on social networking sites can be problematic in two ways: firstly, it can reveal something about you that you’d rather your current or future employer or school administrator not know, and second, it can put your personal safety at risk. Another potential downside of social networking sites is that they allow others to know a person’s contact information, interests, habits, and whereabouts.Consequences of sharing this information can range from the relatively harmless but annoying—such as an increase in spam—to the potentially deadly—such as stalking. Another great issue of concern with social networking web sites is that of child safety. Research has shown that almost three out of every four teenagers who use social networking web sites are at risk due to their lack of using online safety. Joly, Karine, 2007) A lot of the web sites do have an age requirement but it is easily bypassed by the lying about of one’s age. Even if they donâ €™t lie about their age the average age requirement is around fifteen years old. Predators may target children, teens, and other unsuspecting persons online—sometimes posing to be someone else—and then slowlyâ€Å"groom† them, forming relationships with them and then eventually convincing them to meet in person.

Interpreter In Community Interpreting Essay

Interpreter In Community Interpreting Essay Role Of Interpreter In Community Interpreting Analysis Essay Role Of Interpreter In Community Interpreting Analysis Essay Interpreting has always been an integral part of social and business activities, but it was recognized as a particular science that called for specialized training of professionals in the middle of the 20th century. Since then, various kinds of interpreting have been a subject for researchers who made attempts to reveal all of its peculiarities and characteristics from various perspectives. However, community interpreting is a relatively new field of interpreting that may be deemed understudied as compared to conference interpreting. Moreover, the focus of researches in relation to these two different fields of interpreting is quite different. Studies of conference interpreting are aimed at revealing peculiarities and characteristics of the process of interpreting, as well as neurological, linguistic, and psychological features and qualities of interpreters and the best techniques and methods they employ. In turn, studies of community interpreting tend to focus on the role of interpr eter and various controversial issues related to community interpreting and interpreters’ roles in various settings. The overwhelming majority of researchers agree that community interpreting is a quite controversial field in terms of the public’s perception of the interpreter’s role. Thus, the current paper is aimed at analyzing the role of a community interpreter using different studies, as well as providing a definition of the concept of community interpreting and a brief overview of the community interpreter training with a view of better understanding the controversies related to the field. In general, community interpreters perform various roles depending on the setting and discourse, which necessitate different approaches to the process of interpretation and stakeholders involved, yet it is absolutely evident that their role should not and cannot be reduced to a mere verbatim translating machine. The paper consists of such sections as Introduction, Definition of Community Interpreting, Role of Community Interpreters and Debates Relating Thereto, Community Interpreter Training, Further Studies Relating to Community Interpreting and Its Role, and Conclusion. Definition of Community Interpreting Many controversies concerning the role of community interpreters arise from the fact that there are debates over the definition of the concept of community interpreting. Moreover, a great deal of ambiguity stems from varying levels of development and recognition of community interpreting throughout the world, thus proving the lack of unified approach to the field. Hence, countries and researchers in terms of their attitudes towards the concept â€Å"range from those that deny existence of the issue (an ever diminishing number), through countries that rely on ad hoc services, to generic language services, to fully comprehensive responses of training, service provision and accreditation† (Buendia 2010). In general, there are many definitions of the concept, but all of them are united by the fact that community interpreting is an extremely broad field â€Å"that enhances equal access to public and community services for individuals who do not speak the language of service† (Bancroft et al. 2013). As a rule, communicative interpreting is consecutive, but there are instances when it is simultaneous though the latter cases are rare (Pekanheimo, Kauhala, Ojala 2013). The definition given in the Canadian National Standard Guide for Community Interpreting Services seems to be the most objective and all-encompassing: Bidirectional interpreting that takes place in the course of communication among speakers of different languages. The context is the provision of public services such as healthcare or community services and in settings such as governmental agencies, community centers, legal settings, educational institutions, and social services. (Healthcare Interpretation Network 2007) Although the term ‘community interpreting’ is most commonly used when referring to the above contexts of interpretation, there are other terms that are sometimes used interchangeably with it and denote virtually the same thing. However, such ambiguity of terms creates additional complications for comprehension and identification of the role that the community interpreters play. Some of such terms include dialogue interpreting, liaison interpreting, court interpreting, medical interpreting, business interpreting, ad hoc interpreting, media interpreting, telephone interpreting, TV interpreting, and sign interpreting (Jiang 2007). The above listed notions are employed when there is a clear intention to emphasize some peculiar aspect of the interpretation process. For instance, dialogue interpreting implies that there is a dialogue between the participants, but fails to focus on the setting (Jiang 2007). Liaison interpreting emphasizes â€Å"the link or contact between diff erent groups of speakers who do not speak the same language† and is often interchanged with such terms as escort or delegate interpreting (Jiang 2007). Court interpreting, medical interpreting, business interpreting and similar kinds of interpreting draw attention to the institutional aspect and setting of the interpretation (Jiang 2007). Sometimes, the latter types of interpretation are singled out as different from the community interpreting due to a huge variety of studies focusing on different settings and availability of specific features peculiar to this or that institutional aspect. However, the majority of researchers support an idea that these interpretations are only peculiar types of the community interpreting. The term ‘ad hoc interpreting’ emphasizes spontaneity, but it is usually used to denote interpretation rendered by bilingual non-professionals who want to help in respective circumstances (Jiang 2007). Media, TV, and telephone interpreting focus on the medium employed in the process, while sign language interpretation implies the use of the sign language, i.e. interpretation between two different semiotic systems (Jiang 2007). Moreover, the definition of roles of community interpreters becomes even more complicated if to take into account that some kinds of interpretation may overlap, for instance, legal interpreting and community interpreting, in addition to complications caused by development and publication of quite different and even sometimes contrary codes of ethics for community interpreters. The following section of the paper is aimed at summarizing and analyzing the most wide-spread roles of community interpreters as defined by interpreters themselves, professional unions, and researchers. Role of Community Interpreters and Debates Relating Thereto The role of an interpreter in community interpreting continues to be a subject of debates. There are various views on this issue and these views vary depending on situational context, parties involved, and the country where the interpretation takes place. Thus, there are proponents of an idea that community interpreters should perform the role of â€Å"translating machines†, i.e. delivering verbatim interpretation of everything said by all parties involved without taking into account the cultural and other differences (Leanza 2005). Such a view is the most prevailing in the context of court interpreting when judges may demand an almost word-for-word translation. However, such approach remains highly debated and doubted among professional interpreters and researchers who point out the impossibility and invalidity of such interpreting performance due to the lack of consistency and inability to convey the original intended message in the language of translation in such case. Thus , the overwhelming majority of contemporary professional interpreters and researchers in this field tend to suggest that community interpreting â€Å"can facilitate intercultural communication, construct bridges between different symbolic universes and facilitate the process of migrant integration† (Leanza 2005). Various researchers have been engaged in determining the role of community interpreters over the years and some of their findings are presented below with a special focus on their universal applicability to community interpreting in general. European and American code of ethics for community interpreters seem to be quite different in terms of their emphasis on the interpreter’s role. The Finnish code of ethics for community interpreters complies with other European codes of this kind developed and published by professional unions. Thus, according to it, one of the main requirements for interpreters is to be â€Å"impartial, remain outsiders to the situation, and do not let their personal attitudes or opinions affect their work† (Pekanheimo, Kauhala, Ojala 2013). They are to take into account â€Å"the nature of the situation†, but should not care for any other tasks but interpretation itself (Pekanheimo, Kauhala, Ojala 2013). Besides, they â€Å"do not leave out anything or add anything irrelevant† (Pekanheimo, Kauhala, Ojala 2013). The code does not mention anything relating to cultural mediation and intends to ensure that interpreters remain a quite detached third party in any instance. In turn, the Canadian National Standard Guide for Community Interpreting Services emphasizes the significance of the interpreter possessing highly developed linguistic and interpretation competence, but it also provides the following role that community interpreters should adhere to: â€Å"The interpreter must be able to understand and convey cultural nuances without assuming the role of advocate or cultural broker† (Healthcare Interpretation Network 2007). There are virtually no other mentioning of cultural mediation role of interpreters, yet the guide encourages them to do anything they deem reasonable to ensure effective communication of the parties, which implies that interpreters are not prohibited from taking a more active role than an impartial verbatim translating machine. However, this point of cultural mediation and assumption of the role of advocates by some community interpreters is rather controversial as well. Many governmental agencies, especially the ones deali ng with asylum decisions, are reluctant to communicate openly with interpreters and provide them with relevant preparatory information as they consider them to be advocates of immigrants though as a rule this is not the case. Therefore, not only community interpreters, but also institutions they are working with require clear determination of the interpreter’s role in order to avoid confusion and prevent conflicts in the future. Many researchers suppose that community interpreting should not be entirely impartial and detached and offer their typologies of community interpreter’s roles. One of the studies distinguishes five possible roles that community interpreters can perform in the healthcare setting, including those of translator, cultural informant, culture broker or cultural mediator, advocate, and bilingual professional (Leanza 2005). The study points out that the role of a translator is least efficient in the healthcare setting as both sides of the communication often require interpreter’s assistance for understanding cultural differences and making quick decisions that would benefit all stakeholders. Roles of cultural informant and cultural mediator are most frequently needed to â€Å"help both parties arrive at a meaningful shared model† (Leanza 2005). The role of the advocate is intended for interpreters who prefer to be actively involved in rendition of social services and go beyond their interpreting functions as â€Å"in a value-conflict situation, the interpreter may choose to defend the patient against the institution† (Leanza 2005). The matter is that real-life situations do not allow interpreters to remain translators only; as their primary function is to ensure effective and productive communication despite any cultural differences that the parties may have, hence necessitating them to perform a role of a cultural mediator to a varying extent. Most recent studies have moved beyond the debate on whether interpreters play any role in community interpreting different from other types of interpretation in the debate on what this role should be in particular and what consequences it might have. Hence, the overwhelming majority of researches agree that it is up to the community interpreter to decide whether to â€Å"actively involve himself, or abstain from such involvement† (Jacobsen 2009). The practice also proves that interpreters assume more active roles than official norms and guidelines prescribe. Cecilia Wadensjo supposes that community interpreter’s role lies in being both a translator and coordinator (Jacobsen 2009). Interpreters adopt various roles concerning reception and production â€Å"as a reaction to the principal participants’ assumptions† about their proper role (Jacobsen 2009). Another study by Leanza defines four primary roles of community interpreters, including those of a system agent, community agent, integration agent, and linguistic agent with the latter being deemed least effective in most settings (Jacobsen 2009). A study by Hale considers the question of the interpreter’s role to be highly controversial because of the â€Å"lack of a strong, unified profession that could counteract the different role expectations of users of interpreting services† (Hale 2008). Despite this admission, Hale distinguishes five roles of community interpreters: â€Å"advocate for the minority language speaker†, â€Å"advocate for the institution or service provider†, gatekeeper, â€Å"facilitator of communication†, and â€Å"faithful renderer of others’ utterances† (Hale 2008). The choice of the role partially depends on the interpreter’s positioning and level of engagement and partially on the community’s e xpectations and requirements. In any case, an interpreter should carefully consider possible consequences of assuming this or that role in community interpreting so as to benefit the parties involved to the greatest extent possible without inflicting harm or unnecessary stress on oneself. Thus, the process of choosing and performing a particular role in community interpreting may be considered a search for the balance between personal interests and ethics of an interpreter and interests and expectations of the two parties involved in the interaction and requiring his/her assistance. Most researchers agree that community interpreters should not â€Å"act as mindless machines†, but they cannot agree on definite roles that such interpreters can and should assume (Jacobsen 2009). The most reasonable approach practiced by many successful US community interpreters is to assume different roles in different settings and with account to current circumstances. For instance, the healthcare setting often calls for cultural mediation and a higher level of interpreter’s engagement in the interaction process, while court interpreting remains among the most impartial and verbatim types of community interpreting. Moreover, interpreters should be able to assess potential consequences of their assuming different roles and whether these roles would be beneficial or detrimental for the communication process. Thus, as proved by a wide variety of approaches to the raised issue, even discussion and presentation of various roles interpreters may play in community interpret ing is a highly subjective and controversial process. Community Interpreter Training The question of interpreter’s roles in community interpreting is essential nowadays and should be given appropriate consideration in the process of training of future professional interpreters who want to work in the field. Therefore, future community interpreters should be educated on possible roles they may take and consequences of such decisions. So far, most training programs focus on technicalities of the interpretation process, as well as peculiarities of various settings where interpreters may work. However, it is essential to cover a range of roles allowable within these different settings. For instance, the Twin Cities Interpreter Project launched in Minnesota focuses on peculiarities of community interpreting in various institutional settings (Nicholson 1994). Other American community interpreting training programs and related institutions include the Bilingual Access Line, the Center for Interpretation and Translation, the University of Delaware Interpretation Progr am, and some programs implemented by governmental agencies (Nicholson 1994). A huge progress of these programs lies in the fact that they focus on ensuring smooth cooperation of interpreters and institutions’ representatives, hence providing at least a vague outline of a role community interpreters are going to perform when cooperating with these institutions. Further Studies Relating to Community Interpreting and its Role Community interpreting remains a relatively young field of translation studies that has been recently recognized as completely different in functions and underlying features from conference and other kinds of interpreting. Therefore, it has to be thoroughly studied in the future with special focus on controversial and debated issues, including the role of interpreters in community interpreting. Moreover, respective and appropriate codes of ethics should be developed for community interpreters as the existing ones resemble those intended for conference interpreters because of their emphasis on impartial and detached nature of interpretation. The above studies, as well as real-life experiences of community interpreters prove that it is not possible to follow the prescribed official guidelines as they do not comply with expectations of stakeholders and contextual needs of the interpretation. The main function of any interpreter is to convey the intended message by means of the language of translation, i.e. pragmatics is given preference over verbatim translation of lexemes. Furthermore, many institutional settings that require services of a community interpreter do not need merely an adequate translation of information, but rather cultural mediation and explanation of some cultural norms and behaviors that one or both parties find strange and incomprehensible. Globalization and intense migration have made community interpretation of high demand in various institutions and interpreter’s roles should be developed and explained to all stakeholders according to the current needs. Therefore, existing studies on community interpreting may be deemed insufficient in this respect and further researches on the role of community interpreters have to be carried out taking into account practical experiences and opinions of interpreters, communities, and institutions involved in the process. The present paper has provided a brief overview of the problematic and controversial issue of the role that interpreters play and should play in the process of community interpreting. Taking into consideration available literature and various viewpoints on the issue, it may be concluded that community interpreters cannot afford remaining mere translating machines that provide an utterly impartial and detached verbatim translation. On the contrary, they should be able to perform a variety of roles depending on the setting and circumstances. The most essential requirement for community interpreters is to possess cultural competence in both original language and the language of interpretation in order to be able to bridge the gap between the parties. Moreover, community interpreters often work with people who are not used to interpretation of any kind, hence being unaware of its specific features. Community interpreters should therefore be able to adequately assess and respond to the ne eds of the parties they are translating for with a view of ensuring effective communication. However, universal typology of interpreters’ possible and preferable roles with regards to community interpreting would significantly facilitate and improve their work all over the world as today this information is insufficient and in some cases prevents interpreters from performing their duties professionally.

Research Paper on Homelessness

Research Paper on Homelessness Research Paper on Homelessness This is a free example research paper on Homelessness: Homelessness is a very huge problem that America has come to face. Millions of people, including children, families, babies, veterans, and the elderly live day after day without food, water or a roof over their heads. People that are mentally ill also have it tough on the streets, which can be extremely confusing to them, and dangerous to the rest of society. This problem must be solved soon, and therefore should be addressed as a major crisis that is affecting our society. The number of homeless families with children has increased significantly over the past decade or so. They are among the fastest growing segments of the homeless population. Together they are approximately 40% of all people who are homeless. Sadly, rural areas contain the largest group of homeless families, single mothers, and children. Emotions hit home when children and babies can be pictured living in an alley with only dreams of warmth, while normal middle class citizens stroll by wearing coats and mittens without even appreciating them. People have not always had to suffer with homelessness. Though the problem has almost always existed, it had not reached a severe level until the early 1970s. With every war there has been a small trickle of homeless veterans to follow, but the Vietnam War and Korean War left a wave of many people without anywhere to go. This was just the start of the problem. Many homeless people lived in places called Skid Row. A place with cheap bars, entertainment, and very cheap housing in buildings called SROs, or Single Room Occupancy. Then cities started to grow, and in the mid 1970s One million SROs were replaced with parking lots, buildings and apartments. Skid Row eventually vanished. Then the government decided to decriminalize what was left to control. That means there were a great many homeless people that would normally be arrested under these conditions, still roaming the streets. Women and children started to filter in to the homeless scene, and then in a huge recession in the 1980s 11,000,000 people were laid off (9.7% of all jobs). The numbers of homeless people soared. It didnt stop here though. President Reagan and Bush dropped public housing funds from 30 billion dollars to 6.7 billion, a net loss of 37,800 houses per year. By the beginning of the 1990s, over one million people were on waiting lists for homes. The one category that most people assume all homeless fall into is the undeserving homeless, or bums. These are usually men in their 40s or 50s who sit around all day and do nothing. They dont try and help themselves or others. They lie and cheat and honestly deserve nothing because they could never give anything if they were forced to. They make up a very small group in fact, about 4% of all homeless. Drugs are everywhere on the streets. It is estimated that 20% of all people living on the streets use hard drugs daily. Such drugs as cocaine, heroine, and morphine plague certain areas. AIDS often spreads like wildfire among people who share un-sterilized needles, and once a person contracts the HIV virus, they become a statistic in the disabled category. Even the people with full time jobs are in need of permanent residence. These people live on eating scraps of food from trash cans, and possible meals from shelters on occasion, but those are usually three times a week at dinner, or some other type of schedule. People who have homes rarely think, nor can comprehend what terrible things that the homeless have to go through. They live in abandoned buildings, cars, buses, boxes, on park benches and underground. They eat bits of old fruit and meat with the mold and green sludge scrapped off. I have realized that there seem to be two main elements in saving a homeless person. The government needs to help homeless people get back on their feet. They need to make sure also that homeless people dont abuse systems such as social security and housing. Also, the homeless need to get up on their own two feet, for themselves. Finding jobs, such as selling Homeless Newspapers seems to be a common first step. A vendor gets the papers for free or low cost, sells them for something like a dollar and keeps 55 cents, or a little more than half, for each sold. The homeless can then use this money to pay for food, shelter, and etcetera. Many shelters exist whose primary goal is to help the homeless get a job and home. They offer computer teachers, landscapers, welders, and other types of craft that can be used in society today. So if the government is willing to help get the homeless roused into the wanting of a better life, and they wish to follow through, then I think we could find a b etter, faster way to end the nations problem of homelessness. We see them as a crowd, one entity; we call them the homeless, as if it identifies who they are. What most forget is that they are also people. These â€Å"people† with social disabilities or financial problems are abandoned by society and become homeless on the streets. And although many believe they don’t owe anyone help, a little generosity could go a long way on the road to lowering homeless numbers around the world. ______________ is a professional research paper writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written research paper on Homelessness from our custom research paper writing service.

( Human Resource Management ) Do Emotional Intelligence and Dissertation

( Human Resource Management ) Do Emotional Intelligence and Leader-Member Exchange affect the job satisfaction & turnover Intent - Dissertation Example It is suggested that further investigation on the arbitrating consequences of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) and Team-Member Exchange (TMX) on Emotional Intelligence, job satisfaction and job performance is required. 1. Introduction 1.1 Why teams are important? As Thomas Edison once coined, "If we did all the things we were capable of doing, we would literally astound ourselves". According to Katzenbach and Smith, (1993), "A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they are mutually accountable." The team performance curve by Katzenbach and Smith, 1993 Source: Katzenbach and Smith, 1993, Business in today’s world flourishes only because of teams and team work. A team in an organization can actually prevail over almost any complexity to be successful in its objectives when it works with the right attitude. Sometimes difficulties may arise in certain projects then under such circumst ances the determination and cooperation of teams can conquer it and triumph. Under situations of ‘no pressure’ In most projects there will be times when only the determination of the team can overcome the difficulties and carry the initiative through to success. Even when there is no pressure, the team's strength and zeal will be mirrored in the feature of the solution. In reality teams have more flexibility in operations, talents and experience with a good lot of diversity of resources. Leadership in Teams The requirements of team performance lead to team leadership which tilts just about team need contentment so that team efficiency can be built up. Who ever is ready to take up the responsibility and satisfy the needs of a team can be assumed to take up team leadership, irrespective of the fact whether he/she acts from inside the team or outside it (McGrath, 1962). This analysis of team leadership is coherent with functional leadership presumption. Fleishman et al., 1 991; Hackman & Walton, 1986; Zaccaro et al., 2001 also support that functional leadership model of team leadership is the best leader ship model. According to Schutz, (1961: 61) â€Å". . . leader as completer . . . the best a leader can do is to observe which functions are not being performed by a segment of the group and enable this part to accomplish them†. Style of Team Leadership ? Dictatorial style of team leadership is one in which a single person prescribes the result of the team and the remaining people do not contribute towards it at all. This type of leadership is also known as autocratic leadership (Goleman, 2000). In integrative team leadership the sources of the team are taken up together into an incorporated result of the team. In reality this kind of team leader ship is not as simple as it reads. This kind of leadership is a holistic, meditative and receptive approach to conducting oneself, guiding others, and contributing in the organization. Autocratic Style of Leadership This style of leadership involves in giving all the powers to the leader in decision making. The